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厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, Anammox)是指在缺氧条件下,Anammox菌利用
${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $ -N氧化${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N,最终生成N2和少量${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N的过程[1-2]。一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺是将氨氮的亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化集成在一个反应器中,从而一步实现氨氮的高效去除。与传统硝化反硝化工艺相比,一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺具有无需消耗有机碳源、节省60%的曝气量和污泥产率低等显著优势[3-5]。目前,该工艺已成功用于处理高氨氮废水,如污泥消化液、垃圾渗滤液及畜牧业废水等[6-8]。截至2014年,全球已有100座以厌氧氨氧化工艺运行的污水处理工程,其中,88%采用一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化[9]。一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化稳定运行的关键在于维持反应器中氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和Anammox菌优势生长,同时抑制亚硝酸氧化菌(nitrite oxidizing bacteria, NOB)[10-11]。现有研究表明,在高氨氮环境下,通过控制溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)、pH、游离氨(free ammonia, FA)、游离亚硝酸(free nitrite acid, FNA)和污泥龄[12-16]等均可实现抑制或者淘汰NOB,从而达到高氨废水的高效稳定脱氮。然而,在中低浓度(无厌氧消化的城市污水处理厂污泥水及部分工业废水)条件下,FA或FNA的浓度较低,对NOB的抑制作用减弱甚至消失。而有研究[17]发现,仅通过低溶解氧很难实现对NOB的长期抑制。MIAO等[18]在研究一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理中低浓度氨氮废水时发现,在低溶解氧(0.17±0.08) mg·L−1条件下,出水
${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N浓度快速上升,TN去除率下降至14.7%,这表明低溶解氧并未有效抑制NOB。因此,探究在中低浓度下一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的稳定运行具有重要意义。本研究采用序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor, SBR),通过控制溶解氧浓度(0.2~0.4 mg·L−1),以间歇曝气的方式启动并连续运行一段式亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化,对反应器的脱氮性能进行了分析评价,同时测定了AOB、NOB和Anammox的活性变化,并采用荧光原位杂交 (fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH)对污泥中功能微生物的群落结构进行了分析,以期为一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化提供理论基础和潜在的技术支持。
一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理中低浓度模拟氨氮废水
Treatment of simulated medium and low-strength ammonia wastewater by single-stage partial nitritation-anammox process
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摘要: 采用序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor, SBR)研究了一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理中低浓度氨氮废水的运行稳定性。结果表明,在温度为35 ℃、进水氨氮浓度为200 mg·L−1、溶解氧为0.2~0.4 mg·L−1条件下,一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器去除负荷(以TN计)可达到0.24 kg·(m3·d)−1,平均去除率为75.84%,成功实现了一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行。污泥中氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, Anammox)活性(以
${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N计)分别稳定在877.24 mg·(g·d)−1和127.61 mg·(g·d)−1,亚硝酸氧化菌(nitrite oxidizing bacteria, NOB)活性由60.84 mg·(g·d)−1(以${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $ -N计)下降至18.54 mg·(g·d)−1,NOB被成功抑制,AOB与Anammox菌之间形成良好的协同作用,保证了稳定的脱氮效果。FISH结果表明,污泥中的优势菌为AOB和Anammox菌,从微生物角度佐证了一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器维持较好脱氮效果的长期运行稳定性。一段式部分亚硝化厌氧氨氧化工艺的稳定运行可为厌氧氨氧化技术处理中低浓度氨氮废水提供参考。Abstract: The stability of single-stage partial nitritation-anammox process was studied using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating medium and low-strength ammonia wastewater. Results showed that TN removal loading and average TN removal efficiency could reach 0.24 kg·(m3·d)−1 and 75.84% in the single-stage partial nitritation-anammox reactor, respectively, at 35 ℃, the influent ammonia concentrations of 200 mg·L−1 and the dissolved oxygen of 0.2~0.4 mg·L−1. The stable running of the reactor was achieved with high performance of nitrogen removal. The activities of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (Anammox) stably maintained at about 877.24 mg·(g·d)−1 and 127.61 mg·(g·d)−1 (as${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N), respectively. At the same time, the activity of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) decreased from 60.84 mg·(g·d)−1 to 18.54 mg·(g·d)−1 (as${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $ -N), thus NOB was successfully inhibited. AOB and Anammox bacteria could build a better collaborative relationship that ensured the stable nitrogen removal effect. The FISH results indicated that AOB and Anammox bacteria were dominant bacteria, which proved the long stability of efficient nitrogen removal for the single stage partial nitritation-anammox process from the viewpoint of microbiology. The stable operation of the single stage partial nitritation-anammox process provides reference for medium and low-strength concentration ammonia wastewater treatment by anaerobic ammonia oxidation technology. -
表 1 荧光原位杂交所用的探针
Table 1. Probes used in FISH test
探针名称 RNA序列(5'~3') 标记细菌种属 来源 Eub338 GCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT Eubacteria [25-26] Eub338Ⅱ GCAGCCACCCGTAGGTGT Eubacteria [25-26] Eub338Ⅲ GCTGCCACCCGTAGGTGT Eubacteria [25-26] Nso1225 CGCCATTGTATTACGTGTGA Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria [27] NmV TCCTCAGAGACTACGCGG Nitrosococcus mobilis [28] Cluster6a 192 CTTTCGATCCCCTACTTTCC Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage [29] Ntspa662 GGAATTCCGCGCTCCTCT Genus Nitrospira [30] Nit3 CCTGTGCTCCATGCTCCG Genus Nitrobacter [31] Nsm156 TATTAGCACATCTTTCGAT Nitrosomonas [27] Nsv443 CCGTGACCGTTTCGTTCCG Nitroso-spira, -lobus, -vibrio [27] AMX368 CCT TTC GGG CAT TGG GAA All anammox bacteria [32] -
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