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切削液是一种在金属加工和制造过程中广泛使用的工业液体,其成分包括矿物油、防腐剂、防锈剂、表面活性剂、水及其他添加剂,具有冷却、润滑、清洗、防锈的功能[1]。切削液废水具有有机物浓度高、毒性大、成分极为复杂和可生化性差(B/C比为0.05~0.2)等特点,故其直接排放会对环境及人类健康造成较大危害[1]。我国在2016年修订的《国家危险废物名录》(环发[2016])[2]中已将切削液废水列入其中,并明确规定切削液废水须经过严格处理才能排放。近年来,切削液需求量快速增长,产生了大量的切削液废水,解决其处理问题成为当务之急。由于切削液废水中首要污染物为有机物,削减有机物浓度、理解有机物去除机制是处理该类废水的关键。
目前,关于水处理中有机物转化规律的研究已经很普遍,其中研究较多的是天然水体[3-4]和生活污水[5-6],而对于工业废水的研究却不够全面。刘苗茹等[7]采用水解酸化-好氧工艺处理石化废水,发现石化废水中主要为分子质量<1 kDa的溶解性有机物(DOM),并且其中芳香环上的取代基和取代种类较多。LI等[8]采用Fenton-好氧/水解酸化/好氧组合工艺处理涂料废水,发现废水经Fenton和好氧处理后,小分子质量有机物占主要部分,并且部分芳香族有机物被降解,同时色氨酸类物质的荧光强度明显降低。CHENG等[9]采用厌氧-好氧-Fenton工艺处理纺织废水,通过平行因子法(PARAFAC)解析出该种纺织废水含有4个荧光组分,分别为组分1(类酪氨酸)、组分2和组分3(类色氨酸)、组分4(腐殖质);在各单元处理中,厌氧对4个组分的处理效果都较差,好氧对组分2具有较好的去除效果,Fenton对组分4有较好的去除效果。
目前,关于有机物转化规律的研究主要集中在石化废水[7]、涂料废水[8]、纺织废水[9]等工业废水。对切削液废水处理过程中有机物转化规律的研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究以机械加工厂排放的实际切削液废水为处理对象,对隔油-混凝沉淀-水解酸化-好氧共代谢小试组合工艺的各处理单元出水有机物进行了分子质量分布、紫外吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱分析,以此探究该组合工艺处理切削液废水时DOM的转化规律,以期为该套组合工艺处理切削液废水提供理论依据。
切削液废水处理过程中溶解性有机物分子质量分布和光谱特征的转化规律
Transformation of the molecular weight distribution and spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter during cutting liquid wastewater treatment process
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摘要: 以隔油-混凝沉淀-水解酸化-好氧共代谢为组合工艺处理切削液废水,探究各处理单元对不同种类有机物的转化规律和去除能力;对各处理单元出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM),采用超滤膜法进行分子质量分级,应用紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱等方法对各单元出水及其滤后液进行了分析。结果表明,隔油池出水DOM分子质量主要分布在<1 kDa小分子质量区间和>100 kDa的大分子质量区间,分子质量占比分别为46.04%、42.79%,混凝沉淀对大分子质量的DOM有较好的去除效果,混凝沉淀出水、水解酸化池出水、好氧池出水的DOM主要分布在<1 kDa区间。切削液废水处理过程中出现5个荧光峰,其中峰A和峰B可能为多环芳香烃和杂环化合物的混合物;峰C为石油类;峰D可能是废切削液中滋生的微生物和细菌的细胞物质及其分泌物或单环芳香烃;峰E可能为杂环化合物或多环芳烃类腐殖酸。经一级处理(隔油和混凝沉淀)后峰A和峰B的去除率分别为60%和35%;峰C和峰D去除率均大于99%。经二级处理(水解酸化和好氧共代谢),峰A和峰B的去除率分别为23%和48%。该工艺流程对切削液废水中的有机物有较好的去除效果,石油类、COD、TOC、BOD5的总去除率可达99.99%、98.81%、98.74%、99.78%,达到了《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》中的B级标准。Abstract: A combined process of oil separation-coagulation sedimentation-hydrolysis acidification-aerobic co-metabolism was used as to treat cutting fluid wastewater, and the transformation and removal performance of different organics in each treatment unit were investigated. The dissolved organic matters (DOM) in the effluent from each treatment unit were subjected to molecular weight fractionation by ultrafiltration membrane, and the effluent from each treatment unit and its filtrate were analyzed by ultraviolet absorption spectrum and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum. The results showed that the DOM molecular weight in the effluent from oil separator mainly distributed within the small molecular weight range (<1 kDa), and the large molecular weight range (>100 kDa), their molecular weight ratios accounted for 46.04% and 42.79%, respectively. Coagulation precipitation has a good removal performance on DOM with large molecular weight, and DOM in the effluents of coagulation sedimentation, hydrolysis acidification tank and aerobic tank mainly distributed within the molecular weight range lower than 1 kDa. There were five fluorescent peaks during the cutting fluid wastewater treatment process, of which peak A and peak B could be assigned as a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds. Peak C was petroleum. Peak D could correspond to the microbial and bacterial cell material and its secretions or mono-aromatic hydrocarbons in the used cutting fluid. Peak E could respond to a heterocyclic compound or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon humic acid. Through primary treatment (oil separation and coagulation sedimentation), the removal efficiencies for peak A and peak B were 60% and 35%, respectively, for peak C and peak D were over 99%, respectively. Through the secondary treatment (hydrolysis acidification and aerobic co-metabolism), the removal efficiencies for peak A and peak B were 23% and 48%, respectively. The treatment process had good removal performance on organic matter in cutting fluid wastewater, and the total removal efficiencies of petroleum, COD, TOC and BOD5 could reach 99.99%, 98.81%, 98.74% and 99.78%, respectively, and the organics indices in effluent could meet the B Class Standard of Wastewater Quality Standard for Discharge to Municipal Sewers (GB/T 31962-2015).
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表 1 各处理单元出水的水质指标及有机物污染物的去除率
Table 1. Effluent water quality of each treatment unit and removal efficiencies of organic pollutants
处理单元 石油类 COD TOC BOD5 B/C pH 浓度/
(mg·L−1)去除率/% 浓度/
(mg·L−1)去除率/% 浓度/
(mg·L−1)去除率/% 浓度/
(mg·L−1)去除率/% 原水 9 317 — 35 428 — 11 915 — 6 760 — 0.19 9.2 隔油池 1 010 89.16 15 918 55.07 5 413 54.57 4 180 38.17 0.26 8.8 混凝沉淀 9 99.11 7 165 54.99 2 520 53.45 2 250 46.17 0.31 8.0 水解酸化池 <1 — 2 101 70.68 748 70.32 960 57.33 0.46 6.8 好氧池 <1 — 420 80.01 150 79.95 15 98.44 0.04 7.8 总去除率/% 99.99 98.81 98.74 99.78 — — 表 2 各处理单元出水DOM的分子质量分布
Table 2. Molecular weight distribution of DOM in the effluent from each treatment unit
分子质量/kDa DOC/(mg·L−1) 隔油池 混凝沉淀 水解酸化池 好氧池 <1 2 490.0 2 355.0 633.5 138.0 1~3 24.0 23.0 61.5 0.4 3~10 90.0 22.0 38.0 8.0 10~50 120.0 10.0 1.5 1.5 50~100 370.0 0 3.9 2.4 >100 2 314.0 102.0 7.1 1.9 -
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