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氯化石蜡(chlorinated paraffins, CPs)是由氯化度为30%—70%的正构烷烃组成的工业混合物[1],化学式通式为CnH2n+2-zClz[2]. 一般按照碳链长度可以分为短链氯化石蜡(short-chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs),中链氯化石蜡(medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, MCCPs)和长链氯化石蜡(long-chain chlorinated paraffins, LCCPs),碳原子数量分别为C10—13、C14—17和C18—20,有时还有超短链氯化石蜡(very short-chain chlorinated paraffins, vSCCPs, C6—9)和超长链氯化石蜡(very long-chain chlorinated paraffins, vLCCPs, C21—30)的区分[3-4]. CPs具有阻燃性、耐化学性和耐水性等良好的物理化学性质,常被用作PVC、橡胶和表面涂料等的增塑剂、黏合剂、密封剂、阻燃剂、金属加工润滑油和皮革加脂剂[5-6]. 在过去15年中,CPs的全球产量大幅增加[7]. 中国是CPs的主要生产国和消费国[8],2017年CPs产量为100万吨[9].
随着大量生产和广泛应用,CPs不可避免地在生产、运输和使用过程中释放到环境中[10]. CPs已经在多种环境介质中被检测出,包括空气[11]、水[12]、土壤[13]和沉积物[14]. 因为具有持久性[15]、长距离迁移性[16]、生物积累性[17]和生物毒性[18],SCCPs在2017年5月被列入到《斯德哥尔摩公约》的附件A中[19]. CPs具有生物蓄积性,能够进入到动物体内[20]和人体[21-22]. 大量实验结果表明,SCCPs具有肝毒性[23]、发育毒性[24]、内分泌和代谢干扰作用[25]以及免疫调节作用[26]. 一项针对CPs暴露对细胞代谢影响的研究指出,MCCPs和LCCPs也具有生物毒性[27]. 因此,CPs进入人体会产生健康危害,对CPs的人体内外暴露研究尤为重要.
本文综述了近20年国内外CPs人体暴露的相关研究,对CPs的外部暴露途径及人体内CPs赋存水平进行总结,为CPs的健康风险评估提供了科学依据.
氯化石蜡的人体暴露研究进展
A review on human exposure to chlorinated paraffins
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摘要: 短链氯化石蜡具有持久性有机污染物的特性,是列入《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》全球管控的有机物,氯化石蜡在人体内蓄积,造成健康风险. 为研究氯化石蜡的人体暴露情况,对近20年来的相关论文进行综述. 氯化石蜡的人体暴露途径可以大致分为外部暴露途径和内部暴露途径. 外部暴露主要来自食物(饮食摄入)、空气(呼吸吸入)和室内灰尘(灰尘摄入和皮肤吸入). 对于内部暴露,目前在人体血液(血浆或血清)、母乳、胎盘、头发和指甲中均已检测到氯化石蜡. 与普通成年人群相比,儿童以及婴幼儿外部暴露氯化石蜡的风险较高. 中国由于较大的生产和使用量,人群暴露量相对较高. 目前需加强氯化石蜡分析方法的可比性,以及氯化石蜡在人体的蓄积代谢研究等. 同时,血液(血清或血浆)和母乳以外的其他生物指标中链和长链氯化石蜡人体暴露风险评估的研究也应得到重视.Abstract: Short-chain chlorinated paraffins, as a persistent organic pollutant, is listed in annex A under the Stockholm Convention. Chlorinated paraffins are bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals which can accumulate in human bodies and cause health risks. In order to investigate the human exposure to chlorinated paraffins, the related literatures in the recent 20 years were reviewed. Human exposure is generally divided into external exposure and internal exposure pathways. External exposure mainly including food (dietary intake), air (respiratory inhalation), and indoor dust (dust intake and dermal absorption) was documented. For internal exposure, chlorinated paraffins have been found in human blood (plasma or serum), breast milk, placenta, human hair, and nails. The results showed that children and infants have higher chlorinated paraffins risks of external exposure compared with the general adults. The Chinese people have higher exposure due to the large production and usage in China. Until now, there are few studies focusing on the accumulation and metabolism mechanism of chlorinated paraffins in the human body. New studies including chlorinated paraffins toxicity and kinetics, are highly requested. And the accurate quantitative analysis of chlorinated paraffins is rather difficult. Improving the comparability of chlorinated paraffins analysis methods is needed. At the same time, more studies focus on chlorinated paraffins in biomarkers beyond blood (serum or plasma) and breast milk should also raise concern.
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Key words:
- chlorinated paraffins (CPs) /
- human exposure /
- food /
- air.
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表 1 人体总膳食的CPs暴露情况
Table 1. Human dietary exposure to CPs
国家或地区
Country or region采样时间
Sampling time估计每日摄入量/ (ng·kg−1·d−1 bw)
Estimated daily intake(EDI)检测方法
Analytical method参考文献
ReferenceSCCPs 德国 2018.9—2019.8 100—420(成人) GC-ECNI-Orbitrap-HRMS [42] 410—1600(幼儿) 500—2000(婴儿) 瑞典 2015 18 APCI-HRMS [43] 日本 1990s 53 HRGC-ECNI-HRMS [39] 2003夏 110(成人) HRGC-ECNI-HRMS [40] 2009 54 HRGC-ECNI-HRMS [39] 韩国,首尔 1994 ND. HRGC-ECNI-HRMS [39] 2007 ND.—50 韩国 2016—2019 888(成年男性) GC-ECNI-MS [41] 781(成年女性) 中国,华南九省 2017—2018 700 GC×GC-ECNI-TOFMS [33] 中国,河北省 2016 1138.5—3795.8 GC-NCI-MS [47] 中国,北京 1993 ND.—36 HRGC-ECNI-HRMS [39] 2009 620 2016 316—1101 GC-TOF-HRMS [29] 2016 2350.5 GC-NCI-MS [47] 中国,呼伦贝尔 2016 2952.6 GC-NCI-MS [47] 中国,济南 2019.4 3109 GC-ECNI-MS [35] 2020.6—2020.9 1987.1 APCI-QTOF-MS [48] 2020 4128.3 APCI-QTOFMS [65] MCCPs 德国 2018.9—2019.8 100—840(成人) GC-ECNI-Orbitrap-HRMS [42] 390—2600(幼儿) 480—2900(婴儿) 瑞典 2015 39 APCI-HRMS [43] 中国,华南九省 2017—2018 470 GC×GC-ECNI-TOFMS [33] 中国,北京 2016 153—1307 GC-TOF-HRMS [29] 中国,济南 2020.6—2020.9 949.5 APCI-QTOF-MS [48] 2020 3230.2 APCI-QTOFMS [65] LCCPs 瑞典 2015 2.0 APCI-HRMS [43] 中国,济南 2020.6—2020.9 287.9 APCI-QTOF-MS [48] 注:ND.,未检出. ND.,not detected. 表 2 人体吸入室内空气的CPs暴露情况
Table 2. Human inhalation exposure to CPs
国家或地区
Country or region采样时间
Sampling time估计每日摄入量/(ng·kg−1·d−1 bw)
Estimated daily intake(EDI)检测方法
Analytical method参考文献
ReferencevSCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 0.073 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] SCCPs 挪威 2012 26(母亲) GC-ECNI-HRMS [72] 39(儿童) 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 1.6 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 中国,北京 2014.7—2014.9 20.6(成人) GC-TOFHRMS [29] 2014.12—2015.3 51.7(幼儿) MCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 0.23 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 中国,北京 2014.7—2014.9 1.49(成人) GC-TOFHRMS [29] 2014.12—2015.3 3.49(幼儿) LCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 0.0046 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] ∑CPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 2.0 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 表 3 人体经灰尘暴露CPs的情况
Table 3. Human exposure to CPs via dust
国家或地区
Country or region采样时间
Sampling time估计每日摄入量/(ng·kg−1·d−1 bw)
Estimated daily intake(EDI)检测方法
Analytical method参考文献
Reference饮食摄入Ingestion vSCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 0.00069 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] SCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 1.1 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 澳大利亚 2015.1—2015.3 0.46(成人) APCI-QTOF-HRMS [78] 42(儿童) 中国,北京 2014.7—2014.9 179(成人) GC-TOFHRMS [29] 2014.12—2015.3 1519(幼儿) 中国,大连 2015.4 20(成人) GC-ECNI-LRMS [79] 295(儿童) MCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 0.70 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 澳大利亚 2015.1—2015.3 4.7(成人) APCI-QTOF-HRMS [78] 350(儿童) 中国,北京 2014.7—2014.9 93.3(成人) GC-TOFHRMS [29] 2014.12—2015.3 613(幼儿) 中国,大连 2015.4 17(成人) GC-ECNI-LRMS [79] 254(儿童) LCCPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 0.09 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 澳大利亚 2015.1—2015.3 0.12(成人) APCI-QTOF-HRMS [78] 9.9(儿童) ∑CPs 挪威,奥斯陆 2013.11—2014.4 5.7 UPLC-APCI-Orbitrap-HRMS [71] 皮肤吸收Dermal uptake SCCPs 澳大利亚 2015.1—2015.3 6.9(成人) APCI-QTOF-HRMS [78] 22(儿童) 中国,大连 2015.4 191(成人) GC-ECNI-LRMS [79] 307(儿童) MCCPs 澳大利亚 2015.1—2015.3 66(成人) APCI-QTOF-HRMS [78] 190(儿童) 中国,大连 2015.4 165(成人) GC-ECNI-LRMS [79] 264(儿童) LCCPs 澳大利亚 2015.1—2015.3 1.8(成人) APCI-QTOF-HRMS [78] 5.3(儿童) -
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