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作为一种广谱抗菌药物,磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)常被用于治疗人类与动物因细菌感染所引起的疾病,是最早广泛使用的抗生素之一[1]。然而,使用后的SMX仅有10%—50%在体内被代谢,其它则以母体形式直接排出体外[2],导致沉积物、活性污泥、土壤及污水中常被检出[3]。虽然地表水和污水厂出水中SMX的含量在ng·L−1—μg·L−1级别[4],但它们可加速耐药菌和耐药基因的形成;且由于持续输入环境及生物降解性差,SMX可在环境中发生累积[5]。因此,去除污水中SMX残留对于人类健康与生态环境的保护具有重要意义。
目前在传统方法处理污水中SMX残留方面的研究报道较多,但费用高、过程复杂、效率低等问题导致难以广泛推广和应用[6]。高级氧化技术(如臭氧、芬顿、UV/H2O2、UV/过硫酸盐、过渡金属/过硫酸盐)在去除水中SMX残留展现出良好的性能。其中,基于羟基自由基(·OH)的高级氧化技术被证实可有效去除水中SMX残留,通过羟基化反应使其降解速率常数高达(5.8 ±0.2)×109 L·mol−1·s-1 [7-8]。然而,因仪器灵敏度低、产物生成量少及反应速率过快等原因,实验方法难以阐明·OH与SMX的反应机理。通过获取不稳定中间体和过渡态的结构与能量信息,理论计算方法可有效解释实验现象,从而弥补了纯实验方法的不足。Yang等[9]通过理论计算研究了水相中·OH引发SMX降解的机制,但反应速率常数低于实验数据达1个数量级,并且在计算过程中未考虑溶质扩散过程对反应速率的影响。
为了进一步阐明SMX与·OH的反应机制,本研究采用量子化学计算分析SMX的反应活性位点并明确加成反应与抽氢反应的过渡态,根据自由能垒和反应热大小判定反应的可行性,通过基于过渡态理论计算获得反应速率常数以确定反应快慢,采用ECOSAR软件预测加成产物的生态毒性,研究成果可为基于·OH的高级氧化技术去除水中SMX残留的实验研究提供理论支撑。
水相中羟基自由基与磺胺甲恶唑反应机理的理论研究
Theoretical investigation on the mechanisms for reactions of hydroxyl radicals with sulfamethoxazole in aqueous phase
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摘要: 本研究采用量子化学计算研究了羟基自由基引发的磺胺甲恶唑加成反应与抽氢反应的机理,系统考察了水相中的反应动力学,应用ECOSAR软件预测并评估了加成产物的生态毒性。研究结果表明,磺胺甲恶唑的C8、C12及C16等位点的平均局部离子化能较低,说明它们更易与羟基自由基发生反应。除C17和H21外,其他位点的反应过程均放热,并且C1位点的加成反应与C—S键的裂解存在协同效应;加成反应和抽氢反应的活化自由能在4.0—28.6 kcal·mol−1之间变化,最小值和最大值分别发生在C8和H9位点;虽然反应的速率常数达到4.97×1012 L·mol−1·s−1,但因受扩散控制使其在水相中的表观反应速率常数仅为8.68×109 L·mol−1·s−1。毒性预测结果显示,尽管大部分加成产物的生态毒性较母体化合物低,但C8、C12和C16位点上的加成产物仍具有较高的生态毒性风险。Abstract: The mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole addition and abstraction reactions initiated by hydroxyl radicals were investigated based on quantum chemistry calculation. Meanwhile, their reaction kinetics in aqueous phase were explored in details. Furthermore, the eco-toxicity of the addition products was predicted and assessed by using ECOSAR software. The results showed that the C8, C12 and C16 sites of sulfamethoxazole had low average local ionization energies, indicating their higher reactivity with hydroxyl radicals. With the exception of C17 and H21 sites, the reactions occurring at other sites were exothermal and the addition reaction at C1 site was synergic to C-S bond cleavage. The activated free energies of reactions varied in the range of 4.0 —28.6 kcal·mol−1 and the maximum and minimum values belonged to C8 and H9 sites, respectively. Although the total rate constant of second-order reaction for the addition and abstraction reactions was 4.97×1012 L·mol−1·s−1, the apparent rate constant was only 8.68 ×109 L·mol−1·s−1 in that the reactions were controlled by diffusion in aqueous phase. Further results of toxicity prediction indicated that most adducts had lower eco-toxicity than the parent compound. However, the adducts formed at the sites of C8, C12 and C16 still had high eco-toxicity risks to aqueous organisms.
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Key words:
- hydroxyl radical /
- sulfamethoxazole /
- quantum chemistry /
- kinetics /
- eco-toxicity
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表 1 毒性分级标准(mg·L−1)
Table 1. Standards of toxicity classification (mg·L−1)
表 2 不同物质的急性毒性和慢性毒性(mg·L−1)
Table 2. Acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of different chemicals
急性毒性Acute toxicity 慢性毒性Chronic toxicity 鱼(LC50)
Fish水蚤(LC50)
Daphnia绿藻(EC50)
Green algae鱼
Fish水蚤
Daphnia绿藻
Green algaeSMX 267a 6.43c 21.8 b 5 a 0.068 c 11.1 a 1AD-1 165 a 3.19 c 11.3 b 3.41 a 0.033 c 6.36 a 1AD-2 2.82×104 a 1.26×104 a 3.50×104 a 2.08×103 a 633 a 538 a 3AD 989 a 11.2b 43.8 b 26.1 a 0.11 b 31.5 a 7AD 989 a 11.2 b 43.8 b 26.1 a 0.11 b 31.5 a 8AD 584 a 9.08 c 33.5 b 13.3 a 0.092 c 20.9 a 10AD 5.94×103 a 22.7 b 109 a 256 a 0.199 b 129 a 12AD 584 a 9.08 c 33.5 b 13.3 a 0.092 c 20.9 a 14AD 2.01×103 a 181 a 261 a 276 a 11.3 a 70.7 a 16AD 584 a 9.08 c 33.5 b 13.3 a 0.092 c 20.9 a 17AD 3.17×103 a 17.7 b 79.3 b 115 a 0.162 b 78.6 a 20AD 1.44×103 a 133 a 182 a 182 a 8.52 a 50.2 a a:低风险;b:中风险;c:高风险;1AD-1/1AD-2:裂解产物.
a: low risk; b: medium risk; c: high risk; 1AD-1/1AD-2: breakdown product -
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