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唑类是环状有机分子,根据化学结构可分为咪唑类(两个氮原子)和三唑类(三个氮原子)[1-2]。由于其广谱的抗真菌活性和高稳定性,被广泛用于农业杀菌剂、人类和兽医药品等各种产品中[3]。随着全球人口的增加导致对农业的需求增加,为满足日益增长的消费需求,进一步提高生产力,主要是通过使用农药来减少害虫病菌[4]。尽管欧洲疾病预防控制中心(ECDC)早在2013年在报告就提到,应该减少农业杀真菌剂的使用[5-6],但唑类杀菌剂在世界范围内仍然被广泛使用[6-7]。虽然唑类杀真菌剂可用于控制植物病原体,但这些化合物的广泛使用和过度暴露会导致害虫病菌的敏感性降低[8],这种趋势会不断加大环境中农药负荷,从而增加人类通过水、空气、土壤和食物暴露的风险[9]。除农业外,医疗、工业和家庭活动都会将唑类排放到环境中,造成了其污染[10],如唑类药物的局部给药(克霉唑)、口服(氟康唑)和静脉内注射(咪康唑)等,大部分残留成分会通过清洗或尿液排泄进入环境中,这是唑类化合物进入城市废水的主要途径[3, 11-13]。而在日常生活中,酮康唑在护发配方中用作去屑剂,甘宝素不仅用作去屑活性成分,还用作抗霉菌防腐剂[1-2]。除了用于生活用品和个人护理产品,唑类化合物还用作飞机上的腐蚀抑制剂。这些化合物的广泛使用导致空气、植物和土壤的污染[14],欧洲已在废水和地表水中检测到了唑类抗菌剂[3]。CREUSOT 等[15]调查了瑞士高原的地表水、城市污水、沉积物、土壤和地下水、生物被膜和鱼样品,结果均存在抗真菌唑类及其某些(生物)转化产物。Chiaia等[16]分析了城市和农业污染湖的沉积物核心,其中最常见的是唑类。Chen等[17]实验发现唑类在土壤环境中具有高度持久性。唑类杀菌剂在环境中的存在对人类的潜在危害和其生态毒理学威胁成为新出现的问题之一[18-19]。作为最大的一类人工合成抗真菌药物,唑类抗真菌药物已在全球范围内的水生环境中均有所检出[20]。然而目前对这些唑类抗真菌药物毒性研究不太全面,且多数停留在急性微板毒性测试,对于作用机理和响应机制研究较为缺乏。因此,研究唑类杀菌剂对水生生态系统中的初级生产者(淡水藻类)的生理生化响应机制具有重要现实意义。
本研究以较为广泛使用的2种唑类杀菌剂(氟康唑和酮康唑)为研究对象,以蛋白核小球藻为受试生物,以确定三唑类(氟康唑)和咪唑类(酮康唑)杀菌剂对淡水绿藻的潜在毒性作用。实验研究了2种唑类杀菌剂对藻细胞光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)的影响,测定了氧化应激相关的变化(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)含量)以及总蛋白(TP)和细胞凋亡。本研究旨在揭示唑类杀菌剂对淡水绿藻的作用机制,为评价和控制水环境中氟康唑和酮康唑以及唑类的潜在风险提供有用的信息。
蛋白核小球藻对氟康唑和酮康唑的生理生化响应
Mechanisms of physiological and biochemical responses of fluconazole and ketoconazole to Chlorella pyrenoidosa
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摘要: 氟康唑和酮康唑是水生环境中普遍存在两种唑类杀菌剂,对水生生态系统具有潜在的生态风险。目前,它们对绿藻的作用机理研究较为缺乏。本研究目的是揭示氟康唑和酮康唑暴露蛋白核小球藻96 h后对藻细胞生长、叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总蛋白(TP)、丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)含量以及细胞凋亡的生理生化响应机制。结果表明,两种物质暴露96 h后对藻细胞各组分损伤随浓度提高而增大,且酮康唑毒性比氟康唑大。氟康唑和酮康唑对叶绿素合成具有抑制作用,呈浓度依赖性。对SOD活性和TP含量具有显著抑制,其中酮康唑浓度为7.53×10-7 mol·L-1对SOD抑制率达96.50%。氟康唑和酮康唑对CAT活性均具有促进作用。氟康唑和酮康唑可以刺激藻细胞内ROS的含量增加,但高浓度酮康唑对ROS的产生具有抑制作用。MDA含量随胁迫藻细胞的氟康唑和酮康唑浓度的上升而升高。氟康唑和酮康唑浓度越大对藻细胞活性影响越大,出现细胞凋亡现象越明显。该研究结果将为氟康唑和酮康唑对水生生态系统影响的潜在风险评估提供科学依据。Abstract: Fluconazole and ketoconazole are two azole pollutants commonly found in the aquatic environment. They have the potential ecological risk to aquatic ecosystems. Currently, there is little research on their mechanism of action on green algae. The purpose of this study was to reveal mechanisms of physiological and biochemical responses of fluconazole and ketoconazole exposed to Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 96 h. The physiological and biochemical parameters include the algae cell growth, chlorophyll superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total protein (TP), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell apoptosis. The results showed that the damage to cell components increased with the increasing concentration of two compounds after exposure for 96 hours. Ketoconazole was more toxic than fluconazole. The inhibitory effects of fluconazole and ketoconazole on chlorophyll synthesis were concentration-dependent. The SOD activity and TP content were significantly inhibited, where 7.53×10-7 mol·L-1 ketoconazole inhibits SOD up to 96.50%. Both fluconazole and ketoconazole had catalytic effects on CAT activity. Fluconazole and ketoconazole could stimulate the increase of ROS content in algal cells, but the high concentration of ketoconazole could inhibit ROS production. MDA content increased with the increasing concentrations of fluconazole and ketoconazole. The higher the concentrations of fluconazole and ketoconazole, the greater the effects on the activity of algal cells and the more obvious the phenomenon of apoptosis. The results of this study may provide a scientific basis for potential risk assessment of fluconazole and ketoconazole impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
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Key words:
- fluconazole /
- ketoconazole /
- Chlorella pyrenoidosa /
- toxic mechanism
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表 1 主成分分析的模型统计量
Table 1. Model statistics for principal component analysis
化合物
Compound模型
Model模型参数
Model parameters氟康唑 y=−0.0053+0.0493TP−0.0189ROS
−0.0580MDA+0.1153SOD
-0.0131CAT+0.2447Chla
+0.2076Chlb+0.2931Car
−0.0183ApoptosisPC=2
R2=0.90,RMSE=0.05
F=17.62
q2=0.74,RMSP=0.08酮康唑 y=−0.0128+0.1432TP
+0.1015ROS−0.0777MDA
+0.1211SOD
−0.0428CAT+0.1819Chla
+0.2110Chlb+0.1506Car
−0.0024ApoptosisPC=1
R2=0.99,RMSE=0.03 F=447.39
q2=0.99,RMSP=0.03注:PC和R2分别是最佳主成分和确定系数;RMSE和RMSP分别是估计均方根误差和留一法(LOO)交叉验证均方根误差;F和q2分别是Fischer统计量和LOO交叉验证相关系数.
Note: PC and R2 are the best principal components and coefficient of determination, respectively; RMSE and RMSP are the estimated root mean square error and the root mean square error of the leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation, respectively; F and q2 are Fischer statistic and LOO cross-validation correlation coefficient, respectively. -
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