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在水处理技术中,混凝是一种常见的工艺,其可以与许多其他处理方法(膜滤、氧化等)相结合,从而达到净水目的[1]。近年来,不同的混凝变量(混凝剂的类型和浓度)以及絮体的特性(再生强度和再生能力)受到了相当大的关注[2-4]。铝盐和铁盐均为常见的混凝剂,与铝盐混凝剂相比,铁盐混凝剂可以在更宽的pH和温度范围内使用,而且铁盐更容易生成较大的絮体,更利于沉降分离[5-6]。在混凝过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)盐会快速水解成铁氢氧化物纳米颗粒,而后聚集形成絮体沉淀,而且随着纳米颗粒的聚集和结晶,其结构也会发生变化[7-8]。大量研究表明,铁(氢)氧化物的结晶和转化,会显著影响污染物(磷、砷等)的迁移[9-10]。比如,老化结晶过程会导致絮体的比表面积变小,进而导致其去除磷酸盐的效率变低。结晶和转化过程一般可以用2种不同的生长模式来描述:一种是奥斯瓦尔德熟化,其描述了一种非均匀结构随时间所发生的变化,溶质中的小型晶体或溶胶颗粒溶解并再次沉积到大型的晶体或溶胶颗粒上;另一种是定向附着机制,体系中的微晶通过旋转合适的角度附着到沿相同晶向生长的较大晶体的晶面上,最终聚集体可以看作是原始晶体颗粒以不可逆和高度统一取向的方式构建而成的大单晶[11-14]。
Fe盐水解沉淀及其后续结晶转化过程会受到有机质、pH、无机盐和光照等环境条件的影响[15] 。其中,有机质对Fe沉淀的转化受到了广泛的关注,具有不同分子质量、不同官能团和含量的有机质对沉淀的形成和转化有不同的影响。许多研究[16-17]表明,在混凝过程中有机物所含的羧基官能团是其重要的反应位点。
然而,小分子有机物如何影响混凝过程,目前还没有明确或充分的解释。虽然小分子有机物通常不是混凝去除的目标污染物,但其对混凝性能的影响(颗粒聚集时间、絮体大小和结晶度等)不容忽视。因此,本研究选用有2个羧基和1个氨基的天冬氨酸,以亚铁盐(Fe(Ⅱ))作为混凝剂,探讨了不同浓度的天冬氨酸对絮体形成过程和对磷的去除效果的影响。
天冬氨酸对亚铁混凝剂絮体结构及磷酸盐去除效果的影响
Effect of aspartic acid on the floc composition of Fe(II) coagulant and its deep phosphorus removal
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摘要: 铁混凝剂广泛应用于水处理领域,形成的絮体大小、形态和结晶度直接决定其混凝效果。然而小分子有机物对混凝的影响机制尚不清楚。本研究以FeSO4作为混凝剂,通过添加特定的小分子有机物(分子质量<1 000 Da)天冬氨酸,研究了天冬氨酸对絮体生长过程及其产物的影响。结果表明,天冬氨酸通过影响金属的水解和纳米颗粒的性质进而影响其混凝性能。在pH=7时,天冬氨酸的存在延缓了絮体的初始生长时间,但增大了絮凝体的最大粒径(从0.05 μm大小的碎片和小球状参杂的絮体变化至0.1 μm的褶皱状絮体)和磷酸盐的去除率。当添加0.4 mmol·L−1的天冬氨酸时,纤铁矿(γ-FeOOH)为絮体的主要成分,这可能少量的天冬氨酸存在时,体系中部分亚铁离子会被包裹, Fe(OH)2纳米颗粒由于铁化合物的饱和快速形成,随后作为晶核生长; Fe(OH)2纳米颗粒表面通过被氧化转化成三价铁,最终形成γ-FeOOH;当添加天冬氨酸大于0.4 mmol·L−1时,絮体的主要成分为四方纤铁矿(β-FeOOH),此时部分亚铁离子被完全包裹,剩余的亚铁离子被氧化成三价铁后形成β-FeOOH。经过天冬氨酸诱导后形成的絮体对磷酸盐的去除率均增加了1.57倍左右,处理后的磷酸盐浓度降低到了0.02 mg·L−1,且在添加1.5 mmol·L−1 天冬氨酸时絮体的尺寸最大,此时的絮体更加容易沉降分离。Abstract: Iron flocculants are widely used in water treatment applications where the size, morphology, and crystallinity of the flocs directly determine the adsorption activity and settling performance. However, the effect mechanism of small molecular organics on coagulation is still unclear. In this study, FeSO4 was used as coagulant, its effects of adding specific small molecule organic matter (molecular weight <1000 Da) of aspartic acid (containing two carboxyl groups and one amino group) on flocs growth process and products were investigated. The results show that aspartic acid affected metal hydrolysis, nanoparticles properties and the coagulation performance. At pH=7, the presence of aspartic acid delayed the initial growth time of flocs, but increased the maximum particle size of flocs, changing from 0.05 μm sized flocs with fragments and small spherical participations to 0.1 μm folded flocs, and the phosphate removal rate. When 0.4 mmol·L−1 aspartic acid was added, lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) was the main component of the floc. Due to the rapid hydrolysis of Fe(Ⅱ) ions in aqueous solution, when there was a small amount of aspartic acid in the system, part of the Fe(Ⅱ) ions in the system would be wrapped, and Fe(OH)2 nanoparticles would form rapidly due to the saturation of iron compounds. Afterwards, Fe(OH)2 nanoparticles continued to grow as the crystal, its surface was oxidized into Fe(Ⅲ), finally γ-FeOOH formation occurred. When the dosage of aspartic acid was higher than 0.4 mmol·L−1, the main component of flocs was akaganeite (β-FeOOH). At this time, part of Fe(Ⅱ) ions were completely wrapped, and the remaining Fe(Ⅱ) ions were oxidized into Fe(Ⅲ) irons and hydrolyzed to form β-FeOOH. The phosphorus removal rate by the flocs induced by aspartic acid increased by about 1.57 times, and the phosphate concentration decreased to 0.02 mg·L−1 after treatment. Moreover, the FI index of flocs was the highest when 1.5 mmol·L−1 aspartic acid was added, and the flocs were easier to settle and separate.
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Key words:
- aspartic acid /
- floc /
- lepidocrocite and akageneite /
- phosphorus removal
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