-
在废水生物处理系统中,微生物是污染物降解的主体。一般而言,活性污泥处理系统中微生物生长繁殖需要的营养物质含量具有一个经验比例,即化学需氧量∶氮∶磷(COD∶N∶P)为100∶5∶1。当处理废水中营养物质含量达不到该比例时,如耗氧有机污染物(以COD计)浓度过低,或者氮、磷浓度比例过低,则该废水被称为贫营养废水。在贫营养水质条件下,系统营养物质比例失调,生物系统中活性污泥微生物由于缺乏某类营养物质而活性降低,甚至大量死亡,导致处理系统失效。WANG等[1]发现,在脱氮除磷系统中,当有机物浓度过低时,微生物细胞内合成和贮存的PHA不足,系统的脱氮除磷效率将大幅降低。PENG等[2]的研究表明,进水底物中缺乏氮或磷会刺激活性污泥中丝状菌的增殖,从而发生丝状污泥膨胀而使系统处理性能降低。为解决贫营养废水处理效率低的难题,目前大多数污水处理厂通常采用投加有机物或氮磷等营养物质的方式调整系统进水营养比例,以满足活性污泥微生物生长需求,保证系统稳定运行。
近年来,随着微生物测序技术的飞速发展,基于16SrRNA高通量测序技术的微生物检测被广泛应用于污水处理厂活性污泥微生物群落结构的分析中,大大提高了人们对污泥微生物群落及其功能的了解。目前,对污水处理系统内主要微生物群落的研究已有大量报道。JIN等[3]的研究表明,在门水平上,活性污泥中的细菌主要集中在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)4种。ZHANG等[4]对滁州市污水处理系统5个活性污泥微生物群落结构的研究中发现,在所有活性污泥样品中,除了上述4种菌门,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)也是优势菌。在这些优势菌门中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是活性污泥系统中最常见的原生门类,也是传统废水生物处理过程中的关键细菌群[5]。有研究[6]表明,该菌门与污水生物处理过程中的有机物降解和脱氮除磷密切相关,而隶属于该门的Zoogloea属是构成活性污泥菌胶团的重要组成菌属,在多种有机物的降解过程中发挥着重要作用[7]。拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是异养微生物的另一类重要门类,能参与有机碳和蛋白类物质的循环[8]。该门同时也是厌氧消化过程中常见的产酸菌[9],其部分菌属能降解长链脂肪酸,并可水解发酵多糖类有机化合物[10-11]。有研究[12-13]表明,拟杆菌门中的拟杆菌属(Bacteroidales)能够利用纤维素和多糖,并可将纤维素、二糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖等有机物降解为醋酸酯或琥珀酸。绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)作为污水处理厂常见的菌群,具有较高的有机负荷承受能力[14],并且对糖类有较好的降解能力,可产生乙酸[15]。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)广泛分布在厌氧环境中,包含梭菌纲(Clostridium)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacillibacteria)等多种功能菌纲,其对有机物的水解和酸化有重要作用[16]。此外,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)也是污水处理厂厌氧过程中重要的功能菌群,是厌氧消化过程中的主要产酸菌,起水解酸化作用[17-18]。以上这些污水处理厂常见主要菌群的研究结论,大多是基于普通的污水生物处理过程,即微生物生长所需营养物质能够得到满足的条件下得到的结果。然而,当污水处理系统中氮、磷等营养受限时,微生物群落的结构变化和种群分布规律还有待进一步研究。
云南省昆明市某制药厂废水处理系统中,进水耗氧有机污染物(以COD计)和悬浮物浓度高,而氮磷浓度极低,进水营养物质含量比例达不到常规微生物生长需求,COD∶N∶P仅为100∶0.4∶0.07。然而系统长期运行状况表明,在氮磷营养贫乏的条件下,该系统运行稳定,污水处理效果良好,出水水质均达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准。为此,本研究对该贫营养废水处理系统中关键环节的污染物降解情况进行了监测,并对其活性污泥中微生物进行了高通量测序分析。本研究旨在从系统运行及污泥微生物的角度解释该制药厂贫营养废水处理系统长期稳定运行的原因,为营养不均衡的高浓度有机废水的处理及系统维护提供有益指导。
贫营养中药废水处理系统稳定性析因
Cause analysis of the stability of a Chinese medicine wastewater treatment system with deficient nutrition
-
摘要: 云南某制药厂生产废水有机物浓度高、氮磷含量低(贫营养),但废水处理系统长期运行稳定,且处理效果好,COD和BOD的去除率均能达到90%以上。为揭示该贫营养污水处理系统长期高效稳定运行原因,分别从工艺运行和微生物学角度对该系统进行了全面分析。结果表明,该系统厌氧和好氧段氮磷含量低,TN、TP的质量浓度分别为9.68 mg·L−1、1.17 mg·L−1和6.18 mg·L−1、0.25 mg·L−1;该系统好氧池和厌氧池中均发现了以降解有机物为主的优势菌属,好氧池比厌氧池具有更高的微生物丰富度和多样性。好氧池中主要菌属为Amaricoccus、Methylibium、Reyranella和Plasticicumulans4种。其中,丰度最高的Amaricoccus占比为8.03%,该菌属能在氮、磷营养受限的环境中增殖。厌氧池中的优势菌属为Geobacter、Paludibacter、Leptolinea和Syntrophomonas。其中,占比2.49%的Leptolinea为贫营养菌属。贫营养环境条件对微生物群落的生长施加了选择压,促进了贫营养菌的优势增长。这些优势菌在废水处理系统降解污染物的各个阶段分工合作,保障了该系统的稳定运行和良好的处理效果。Abstract: The wastewater discharged from a pharmaceutical factory in Yunnan Province is characterized by high organic concentration and extremely low nitrogen and phosphorus content (deficient nutrition). However, the wastewater treatment system has stably run for the long-term with over 90% of COD and BOD removal. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind, a comprehensive investigation of the system was conducted from both the operational and microbiological aspects. The results showed that the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the anaerobic and aerobic phases were very low, and the corresponding TN and TP concentrations were 9.68 mg·L−1, 1.17 mg·L−1 and 6.18 mg·L−1,0.25 mg·L−1, respectively. The microbial colonies in the aerobic phase presented a higher richness and diversity than those in the anaerobic phase, and the dominant genera in both phases were highly efficient organics-degrading ones. In aerobic phases, the dominant bacteria were Amaricoccus, Methylibium, Reyranella and Plasticicumulans, of which Amaricoccus was the most abundant genus with 8.03% of richness, and could grow in nitrogen and phosphorus deficient environment. In anaerobic phases, the dominant bacteria were Geobacter, Paludibacter, Leptolinea and Syntrophomonas, of which Leptolinea was a type of nutrient-deficiency tolerant species with 2.49% of richness. The nutrient-deficient wastewater environment exerted selective pressure for the microbial colonies, and promoted the dominance of low nutrient demanding bacteria. These dominant bacteria cooperated at each stages of the system to degrade pollutants, which guaranteed high removal efficiency and long-term stability of the system.
-
表 1 中药废水处理系统出水指标监测结果
Table 1. Status of the effluent from the Chinese medicine wastewater treatment system
检测单元 pH 其他水质参数浓度/(mg·L−1) 溶解氧 SS COD BOD5 氨氮 TN TP 阴离子表面活性剂 调节池 9.05 1.01 47.00 1296.67 931.33 4.05 8.05 0.38 0.95 二沉池出水 7.46 3.67 13.00 81.33 12.67 0.47 2.33 0.12 0.03 去除率/% — — 72 94 99 88 71 68 97 表 2 好氧池、厌氧池的微生物群落丰富度和多样性指数
Table 2. Richness and diversity indexes of microbial community in the aerobic tank and anaerobic tank
检测单元 OTUs Chao ACE Shannon Simpson 覆盖率/% 好氧池 253 259.2432 262.2059 6.4124 0.9751 99.53 厌氧池 78 78.3333 78.5846 3.9206 0.8622 99.96 -
[1] WANG Y Y, PENG Y Z, PENG C Y, et al. Influence of ORP variation, carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge from dephanox process[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(10): 153-161. doi: 10.2166/wst.2004.0632 [2] PENG Y Z, GAO C D, WANG S Y, et al. Non-filamentous sludge bulking caused by a deficiency of nitrogen in industrial wastewater treatment[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 47(11): 289-295. doi: 10.2166/wst.2003.0617 [3] JIN D C, WANG P, BAI Z H, et al. Analysis of bacterial community in bulking sludge using culture-dependent andindependent approaches[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011, 23(11): 1880-1887. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60621-3 [4] ZHANG L, SHEN Z, FANG W K, et al. Composition of bacterial communities in municipal wastewater treatment plant[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 689: 1181-1191. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.432 [5] ZHANG T, SHAO M F, YE L. 454 Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity of activated sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants[J]. The ISME Journal, 2012, 6(6): 1137-1147. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.188 [6] YANG C, ZHANG W, LIU R, et al. Phylogenetic diversity and metabolic potential of activated sludge microbial communities in full-scale wastewater treatment plants[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(17): 7408-7415. [7] FARKAS M, TANCSICS A, KRISZT B, et al. Zoogloea oleivorans sp. nov. a floc-forming, petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from biofilm[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2015, 65(1): 274-279. [8] NG K K, SHI X, ONG S L, et al. Pyrosequencing reveals microbial community profile in anaerobic bio-entrapped membrane reactor for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment[J]. Bioresourse Technology, 2016, 200: 1076-1079. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.100 [9] LIM J W, CHEN C L, HO I J, et al. Study of microbial community and biodegradation efficiency for single-and two-phase anaerobic codigestion of brown water and food waste[J]. Bioresourse Technology, 2013, 147(7): 193-201. [10] SHIGEMATSU T, TANG Y, MIZUNO Y, et al. Microbial diversity of mesophilic methanogenic consortium that can degrade long-chain fatty acids in chemostat cultivation[J]. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2006, 102(6): 535-544. doi: 10.1263/jbb.102.535 [11] HERNON F, FORBES C, COLLERAN E. Identification of mesophilic and thermophilic fermentative species in anaerobic granular sludge[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2006, 54(2): 19-24. doi: 10.2166/wst.2006.481 [12] WILSON L P, SHARVELLE S E, DE LONG S K, et al. Enhanced anaerobic digestion performance via combined solids- and leachate-based hydrolysis reactor inoculation[J]. Bioresourse Technology, 2016, 220: 94-103. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.024 [13] SONG Y L, LIU C X, MCTEAGUE M, et al. ‘‘Bacteroides nordii” sp. nov. and “Bacteroides salyersae” sp. nov. isolated from clinical specimens of human intestinal origin[J]. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2004, 42(12): 5565-5570. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.12.5565-5570.2004 [14] RINCON B, PORTILLO M C, GONZALEZ J M. Microbial community dynamics in the two-stage anaerobic digestion process of two-phase olive mill residue[J]. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, 10(4): 635-644. doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0290-4 [15] RIVIERE D, DESVIGNES V, PELLETIER E, et al. Towards the definition of a core of microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion of sludge[J]. The ISME Journal, 2009, 3(6): 700-714. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.2 [16] BERTIN L, BETTINI C, ZANAEOLI G, et al. Acclimation of an anaerobic consortium capable of effective biomethanization of mechanically-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste through a semi-continuous enrichment procedure[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2012, 87(9): 1312-1319. doi: 10.1002/jctb.3809 [17] 王光华, 刘俊杰, 于镇华, 等. 土壤酸杆菌门细菌生态学研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2016, 32(2): 14-20. [18] NELSON M C, MORRISON M, YU Z T. A meta-analysis of the microbial diversity observed in anaerobic digesters[J]. Bioresourse Technology, 2011, 102(4): 3730-3739. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.119 [19] 国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方法[J]. 4版. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2006: 210-280. [20] ZUO N, JI F Y. The influence of SRT on phosphorus removal and sludge characteristics in the HA-A/A-MCO sludge reduction process[J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2013, 10(2): 025601. [21] XIONG H, CHEN J, HUI W, et al. Influences of volatile solid concentration, temperature and solid retention time for the hydrolysis of waste activated sludge to recover volatile fatty acids[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 119: 285-292. [22] 贺雪濛, 丁丽丽, 张璐璐, 等. 氮磷失衡下膨胀污泥性能及膨胀菌群落结构变化[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(4): 1782-1793. [23] WANG X, HU M, XIA Y, et al. Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity in 14 wastewater treatment systems in China[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012, 78(19): 7042-7047. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01617-12 [24] ANTUNES T C, MARCONATTO L, BORGES L, et al. Analysis of microbial community biodiversity in activated sludge from a petrochemical plant[J]. Revista Ambiente & Água, 2021, 16(3): 1. [25] AHRING B K. Perspectives for anaerobic digestion[J]. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 2003, 81: 1-30. [26] TIAN R M, NING D L, HE Z L, et al. Small and mighty: Adaptation of superphylum Patescibacteria to groundwater environment drives their genome simplicity[J]. Microbiome, 2020, 8(1): 2-15. [27] HERRMANN M, WEGNER C E, TAUBERT M, et al. Predominance of Cand. patescibacteria in groundwater is caused by their preferential mobilization from soils and flourishing under oligotrophic conditions[J]. Frontiers in microbiology, 2019, 10(15): 1407. [28] SOWELL S M, WILHELM L J, NORBECK A D, et al. Transport functions dominate the SAR11 metaproteome at low-nutrient extremes in the Sargasso Sea[J]. The ISME Journal, 2009, 3(1): 93-105. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2008.83 [29] LIANG B, WANG L Y, MBADINGA S M, et al. Anaerolineaceae and Methanosaeta turned to be the dominant microorganisms in alkanes-dependent methanogenic culture after long-term of incubation[J]. AMB Express, 2015, 5(1): 1-13. doi: 10.1186/s13568-014-0092-1 [30] NARIHIRO T, TERADA T, OHASHI A, et al. Quantitative detection of previously characterized syntrophic bacteria in anaerobic wastewater treatment systems by sequence-specific rRNA cleavage method[J]. Water Research, 2012, 46(7): 2167-2175. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.034 [31] YAMADA T, IMACHI H, OHASHI A, et al. Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp nov and Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2007, 57(10): 2299-2306. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65098-0 [32] VIEIRA S, LUCKNER M, WANNER G, et al. Luteitalea pratensis gen. nov., sp. nov. a new member of subdivision 6 Acidobacteria isolated from temperate grassland soil[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2017, 67: 1408-1414. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001827 [33] HUBER K J, WÜST P K, ROHDE M, et al. Aridibacter famidurans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aridibacter kavangonensis sp. nov., two novel members of subdivision 4 of the Acidobacteria isolated from semiarid savannah soil[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2014, 64(6): 1866-1875. [34] PASCUAL J, WÜST P K, GEPPERT A, et al. Novel isolates double the number of chemotrophic species and allow the first description of higher taxa in Acidobacteria subdivision 4[J]. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2015, 38(8): 534-544. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.08.001 [35] IM W T, HU Z Y, KIM K H, et al. Description of Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli gen. nov., sp. nov. within the Fimbriimonadia class nov., of the phylum Armatimonadetes[J]. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 2012, 102(2): 307-317. doi: 10.1007/s10482-012-9739-6 [36] TIAN R, NING D, HE Z, et al. Small and mighty: Adaptation of superphylum patescibacteria to groundwater environment drives their genome simplicity[J]. Microbiome, 2020, 8(1): 51. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00825-w [37] KADNIKOV V V, MARDANOV A V, BELETSKY A V, et al. Complete genome of a member of a new bacterial lineage in the microgenomates group reveals an unusual nucleotide composition disparity between two strands of dna and limited metabolic potential[J]. Microorganisms, 2020, 8(3): 2-15. [38] CHEN H, LI A, CUI D, et al. Evolution of microbial community and key genera in the formation and stability of aerobic granular sludge under a high organic loading rate[J]. Bioresearch Technology Reports, 2019, 7(1): 100280. [39] DIAS F F, BHAT J V. Microbial ecology of activated sludge[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1964, 12(5): 412-417. doi: 10.1128/am.12.5.412-417.1964 [40] MASZENAN A M, SEVIOUR R J, PATEL B K C, et al. Amaricoccus gen. nov., a Gram-negative coccus occurring in regular packages or tetrads, isolated from activated sludge biomass, and descriptions of Amaricoccus veronensis sp. nov., Amaricoccus tamwothensis sp. nov, Amaricoccus macauensis sp. nov., Amaricoccus kaplicensis sp. nov.[J]. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 1997, 47(3): 727-734. doi: 10.1099/00207713-47-3-727 [41] FALVO A, LEVANTESI C, ROSSETTI S, et al. Synthesis of intracellular storage polymers by Amaricoccus kaplicensis, a tetrad forming bacterium present in activated sludge[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2001, 91(2): 299-305. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01384.x [42] MCLLROY S J, SPEIRS L, TUCCI J, et al. In situ profiling of microbial communities in full-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors treating winery waste in australia[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(20): 8794-803. [43] YANG J, DIMITRY YU S, ROBBERT K, et al. Plasticicumulans acidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating gammaproteobacterium from a sequencing-batch bioreactor[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2011, 61(9): 2314-2319. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.021410-0 [44] YANG J, SOROKIN D Y, HELENA J, et al. Plasticicumulans lactativorans sp. nov., a polyhydroxybutyrate-accumulating gammaproteobacterium from a sequencing-batch bioreactor fed with lactate[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2014, 64(Pt1): 33-38. [45] 杨宇, 徐爱玲, 张燕飞, 等. 生物合成材料聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)的研究进展[J]. 生命科学研究, 2006(S3): 61-67. [46] COATES J D, PHILLIPS E J, LONERGAN D J, et al. Isolation of Geobacter species from a variety of sedimentary environments[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1996, 62(5): 1531-1536. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.5.1531-1536.1996 [47] SNOEYENBOS-WEST O L, NEVIN K P, LOVLEY R, et al. Enrichment of Geobacter species in response to stimulation of Fe(III) reduction in sandy aquifer sediments[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2000, 39(2): 153-167. doi: 10.1007/s002480000018 [48] LOVLEY D R, BAEDECKER M J, LONERGAN D J, et al. Oxidation of aromatic contaminants coupled to microbial ironreduction[J]. Nature, 1989, 339(6222): 297-300. doi: 10.1038/339297a0 [49] DU Q, MU Q H, CHENG T, et al. Real-time imaging revealed that exoelectrogens from wastewater are selected at the center of a gradient electric field[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(15): 8939-8946. [50] LOVLEY D R. Live wires: Direct extracellular electron exchange for bioenergy and the bioremediation of energy-related contamination[J]. Energy and Environmental Science, 2011, 4(12): 4896-4906. doi: 10.1039/c1ee02229f [51] ROTARU A E, SHRESTHA P M, LIU F, et al. A new model for electron flow during anaerobic digestion: direct interspecies electron transfer to Methanosaeta for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane[J]. Energy and Environmental Science, 2014, 7(1): 408-415. doi: 10.1039/C3EE42189A [52] ROTARU A E, SHRESTHA P M, LIU F, et al. Direct interspecies electron transfer between Geobacter metallireducens and Methanosarcina barkeri[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014, 80(15): 4599-4605. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00895-14 [53] 李慧星, 杜风光, 薛刚. 高通量测序研究酒精废水治理中厌氧活性污泥的微生物菌群[J]. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(11): 4112-4119. [54] 王学华, 黄俊, 宋吟玲, 等. 高效水解酸化UASB活性污泥的菌群结构分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2014, 34(11): 2779-2784. [55] MCILROY S J, KIRKEGAARD R H, DUEHOLM M S, et al. Culture-independent analyses reveal novel anaerolineaceae as abundant primary fermenters in anaerobic digesters treating waste activated sludge[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017, 8: 1134. [56] LEMOS L N, MEDEROS J D, DINI-ANDREOTE F, et al. Genomic signatures and co-occurrence patterns of the ultra-small Saccharimonadia (phylum CPR/Patescibacteria) suggest a symbiotic lifestyle[J]. Molecular Ecology, 2019, 28: 4259-4271. doi: 10.1111/mec.15208 [57] KINDAICHI T, YAMAOKA S, UEHARA R, et al. Phylogenetic diversity and ecophysiology of Candidate phylum Saccharibacteria in activated sludge[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2016, 92(6): 1-11. [58] MCINERNEY M J, BRYANT M, HESPELL R, et al. Syntrophomonas wolfei gen. nov. sp. nov., an anaerobic, syntrophic, fatty acid-oxidizing bacterium[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1981, 41(4): 1029-1039. doi: 10.1128/aem.41.4.1029-1039.1981 [59] JACKSON B E, BHUPATHIRAJU V K, TANNER R S, et al. Syntrophus aciditrophicus sp. nov., a new anaerobic bacterium that degrades fatty acids and benzoate in syntrophic association with hydrogen-using microorganisms[J]. Archives of Microbiology, 1999, 171(2): 107-114. doi: 10.1007/s002030050685