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石油烃具有致癌性、致畸性和诱变性,针对其污染场地的修复已引起越来越多的关注[1]。在美国,平均每天发生70起石油泄漏事故,其中98%发生在陆地[2];在欧盟,16个国家有140多万处有机污染场地被列入管控名单[3]。
目前,针对石油烃污染土壤有多种修复方法,包括化学氧化、固化稳定化、生物修复[4]。然而,这些方法由于环境副作用大、处理速度慢、效率低下等原因,在石油烃污染场地的修复中并未得到广泛的应用[5]。由于热脱附法具有适用性广、处理效率高和可完全去除的优点,具有应用于修复复杂的石油烃污染场地的潜力[6]。相较于焚烧和玻璃化技术,异位热脱附既可减少能量输入,又可在一定程度上保持土壤生态系统的健康。近年来,热脱附技术在处理多氯联苯(PCBs)和烷烃[7]污染土壤等领域已有诸多应用,其工艺参数主要包括脱附温度、土壤粒径、土壤含水率和有机质含量等。MERINO等[8]对脱附温度变化的研究中发现,十六烷的热脱附去除效率随加热温度的增加而增加,在300 ℃时可达到99.90%。LEE等[9]提出,在低温条件下延长修复时间既可实现修复目标,也能避免高温对土壤结构的损害。傅海辉等[10]发现,粒径小于75 μm土壤颗粒的多溴联苯醚脱附效率为49.53%;而粒径为250~425 μm土壤颗粒脱附效率为87.09%;而且,含水率保持在10%~20%时脱附效率可达最优。于颖等[11]的研究表明,土壤中有机质含量与有机污染物吸附能力成正相关,有机质含量可影响热脱附所需的热能。尽管异位热脱附在多氯联苯(PCBs)和烷烃的研究已相对成熟,但其在针对石油烃污染土壤修复方面仍缺乏系统性研究。LI等[12]根据碳数分段法将可萃取石油烃(EPHs, C10~C44)分为5段组分,并研究了各组分的解吸行为及土壤形态的变化。FALCIGLIA等[13]通过监测正构烷烃(C10~C25)的去除质量分数,研究了5个柴油污染土壤团聚体组分的异位热脱附效率。TATANO等[14]开发了一种间接热脱附装置,用于4种不同质地的柴油污染土壤,发现在390 ℃脱附90 min的条件下,石油烃从C12到C26的去除率可达99.90%。然而这些工作仅针对石油烃的部分组分进行了探索,未系统地对石油烃污染土壤热脱附过程进行研究。
本研究使用碳数分段法对石油烃污染土壤热脱附过程的影响因素及工艺参数进行探究;并采用异位热脱附装置对人工模拟石油烃污染土壤进行修复,旨在讨论各因素(土壤粒径、含水率及有机质含量)对EPHs各组分热脱附去除率的影响。最终,采用响应面法对各影响因素进行优化,以期为在实际工程中该技术的应用提供参考。
基于碳数分段法的石油烃污染土壤异位热脱附工艺的优化
Optimization of ex-situ thermal desorption of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil based on carbon number-based fraction approach
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摘要: 针对石油烃污染土壤成分复杂、污染严重、修复难度高的问题,采用适用性广、效率高且去除彻底的异位热脱附技术修复石油烃污染土壤。利用碳数分段法及室内模拟实验,探究在热脱附过程中的土壤粒径、含水率和有机质对石油烃及各组分热解吸效率的影响;另外,还采用响应面法对各影响因素进行了优化,以获得异位热脱附修复石油烃污染土壤的最优工艺参数。结果表明,当污染土壤粒径高于1 mm时,石油烃脱附效率均可达90%以上,且粒径越大土壤颗粒中石油烃去除率越高。其中,润滑油段(ORO, C28~C40)组分的脱附效率随粒径变化最为明显。当土壤含水率为15%、脱附时间为50 min时,石油烃脱附效率最大为52.63%。另外,土壤中有机质含量越低,越利于石油烃的脱除,且高温(400~500 ℃)条件下可基本消除土壤中高含量有机质(3.82%)对石油烃脱除的阻碍作用。响应面优化实验得到的最佳工艺参数条件为,粒径2 mm、有机质含量1.44%、含水率为17.68%,在此条件下的石油烃脱附去除效率可达65.32%。该研究结果可为热脱附技术在石油烃污染场地的实际应用提供参考。Abstract: In view of the complex composition, serious pollution and high remediation difficulty of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil, the widely applicable, highly efficient and complete removal of ex-situ thermal desorption (ESTD) technology was adopted to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. The effects of soil particle size, moisture content and organic matter on the removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons and their components during thermal desorption were investigated by using carbon number-based fraction method and laboratory simulation experiment. In addition, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the influencing factors to obtain the optimal process parameters for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil by ex-situ thermal desorption. The results showed that the removal efficiency was more than 90% when the soil particle size was higher than 1mm, and the larger the particle size was, the higher the petroleum hydrocarbons removal efficiency was. The removal efficiency of the ORO components (C28~C40) varied most obviously with soil particle size. The maximum petroleum hydrocarbons removal efficiency was 52.63% at a soil moisture content of 15% and 50 min of desorption. The lower the content of soil organic matter, the more favorable the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons, and the high temperature (400~500 ℃) can basically eliminate the hindering effect of high soil organic matter content (3.82%) on the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons. The optimal process parameters obtained from the response surface optimization experiment were: soil particle size of 2 mm, organic matter content of 1.44%, moisture content of 17.68%, and the removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons under these condition reached 65.32%. The results of this study can provide a reference for the practical application of ESTD technology in petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated site.
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表 1 供试土壤基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of the tested soil
pH 有机质/% 含水率/% 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 总孔容/(cm3·g−1) 机械组成/% 黏粒 粉砂 砂粒 8.34 3.82 3.36 17.27 1.03 8.98 35.57 55.45 表 2 响应曲面实验工况
Table 2. Response surface experimental conditions
Run X1/mm X2/% X3/% Y1/% 1 1.50 0.06 20.00 52.63 2 1.50 1.94 15.00 61.80 3 1.50 1.94 15.00 61.20 4 1.50 1.94 15.00 62.39 5 1.00 1.94 10.00 58.62 6 1.50 3.82 20.00 52.30 7 1.50 3.82 10.00 53.27 8 1.00 3.82 15.00 50.32 9 1.00 1.94 20.00 46.80 10 1.50 0.06 10.00 59.31 11 2.00 0.06 15.00 64.36 12 1.50 1.94 15.00 62.39 13 1.50 1.94 15.00 58.28 14 2.00 1.94 10.00 53.28 15 2.00 3.82 15.00 58.69 16 2.00 1.94 20.00 64.90 17 1.00 0.06 15.00 56.39 表 3 响应曲面二次模型方差分析
Table 3. Response surface quadric model analysis of variance
来源 平方和 自由度 均方和 F值 Prob>F 回归模型 418.23 9 46.47 13.63 0.001 2** X1 105.85 1 105.85 31.05 0.000 8** X2 41.00 1 41.00 12.03 0.010 4* X3 7.70 1 7.70 2.26 0.176 5 X1X2 0.04 1 0.04 0.012 0.916 8 X1X3 137.36 1 137.36 40.29 0.000 4** X2X3 8.15 1 8.15 2.39 0.165 9 X12 5.33 1 5.33 1.56 0.251 5 X22 29.51 1 29.51 8.66 0.021 6* X32 73.82 1 73.82 21.66 0.002 3** 残差 23.86 7 3.41 — — 失拟值 12.14 3 4.05 1.38 0.369 5 注:*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01。 -
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